“I don't risk significant money in front of key reports, since that is gambling, not trading." - Paul Tudor Jones
When you are trading, the only elements you can control is when to enter a position, where you place your initial stop, your position size and the amount you are willing to risk.
Once you are in a trade, you have no influence over what will happen - the market (being other buyers and sellers) will determine future price direction, and consequently whether your position goes into profit or a loss.
You of course do have control over where you place your initial or trailing stop, but you do not always get out at those prices - particularly if you end up on the receiving end of a price shock and a resultant gap against you. As a result, there is always a risk that you can lose more than your initial risk on any trade.
Earnings releases are, in Rumsfeld-speak, a "known unknown". We know when they will occur, but we cannot predict or quantify their effect on price. Therefore, there is always potential downside risk attached to them. Some announcements may see price move in your favour, others can go against you.
This week we have seen two big-cap Nasdaq stocks suffer large price gaps following earnings releases. The charts of Facebook and Twitter are below.